Federal sentences

Rate: Per 100,000 U.S. residents on July 1 of the year, from the Census Bureau's estimates (1980: the April census count).

U.S. Sentencing Commission · Federal fiscal year

All 66,662 people sentenced in 2025. Probation officers code citizenship and legal status in each presentence report.

U.S. Sentencing Commission

All 66,662 people sentenced in 2025. Only noncitizens can commit illegal entry or reentry; citizens are sentenced for smuggling and document offenses too.

U.S. Sentencing Commission

All 66,662 people sentenced in 2025.

U.S. Sentencing Commission

Hispanic is of any race; the other groups are not Hispanic. White+MENA includes Middle Eastern and North African people.

All 66,662 people sentenced in 2025. Race and Hispanic origin as each person told the probation officer. Asian and Pacific Islander is one code, shown as Asian+NHPI. Multi-racial and Other name no race, so they count as race unknown. There is no MENA code, so Middle Eastern and North African people are in White. Race and Hispanic origin are self-reported to the probation officer and written in the presentence report, two fields that USSC keeps apart. Everyone recorded Hispanic is Hispanic, whatever the race. A race with Hispanic origin blank keeps its race, and only its Hispanic origin is placed, by USSC's own recorded Hispanic share of that race that year (the district's where 30 or more people of the race have it recorded, else the nation's): the lighter part.

USSC recorded a race and no Hispanic origin for 1,115 people in FY2025: each keeps that race, and CrimeDB placed only their Hispanic origin, the lighter part.

U.S. Sentencing Commission

All 66,662 people sentenced in 2025, by the criminal history category the court found, I (least) to VI (most), from points for prior sentences under the guidelines.

U.S. Sentencing Commission

All 66,662 people sentenced in 2025, by where the sentence fell against the guideline range, in USSC's four groups. Government-sponsored: the prosecutor moved for it, for substantial assistance (§5K1.1), early disposition (§5K3.1), or another reason. Not comparable: documents missing, or no range applied.

U.S. Sentencing Commission

Months of prison for the 61,556 people sentenced to prison in 2025, by USSC's length of imprisonment: life and anything over 470 months count as 470. A person with a race and no Hispanic origin recorded can't be in two groups, so their term counts in their race and in Hispanic by the share CrimeDB placed, as the bars do. A median of many people's terms, not a prediction for anyone; offense and criminal history differ by group.

U.S. Sentencing Commission

Every year, 2002 to 2025. – means the source's codes that year hold no such group.

Of which placed by CrimeDB: the part of each group CrimeDB placed (race recorded without ethnicity: split by the source's own recorded Hispanic share of each race); the rest of each group is as the source recorded it.

2003 on: PROTECT Act, April 30, 2003: appeals courts review departures from the guidelines anew, and the Commission must cut downward departures.

2004 on: From FY2004 USSC codes Hispanic origin not available as 0; before, a blank.

2005 on: United States v. Booker, January 12, 2005: the guidelines become advisory, so FY2005 holds sentences from before and after.

2007 on: From FY2007 USSC codes race not available as 8; before, a blank.

2008 on: Gall and Kimbrough, December 10, 2007: judges may sentence outside the range with less reason given, including over the crack to powder ratio.

2009 on: From FY2009 USSC codes non-U.S. American Indians apart (9).

2010 on: Fair Sentencing Act, August 3, 2010: crack cocaine thresholds rise and the crack to powder ratio falls from 100 to 1 to about 18 to 1.

2015 on: From FY2015 USSC codes American Indians of unknown citizenship apart (10).

2019 on: First Step Act, December 21, 2018: a wider safety valve, no more stacked gun counts, and the crack changes made retroactive.

2024 on: Guideline amendments of November 1, 2023: fewer criminal history points for offenses committed under supervision, and a lower range for people with none.

People with a race and no Hispanic origin recorded keep their race, and CrimeDB placed only their Hispanic origin, the lighter line and their own column: at most 12% of a year, in FY2010. Asian and Pacific Islander is one code, shown as Asian+NHPI. Multi-racial and Other name no race, so they count as race unknown. There is no MENA code, so Middle Eastern and North African people are in White. Race and Hispanic origin are self-reported to the probation officer and written in the presentence report, two fields that USSC keeps apart. Everyone recorded Hispanic is Hispanic, whatever the race. A race with Hispanic origin blank keeps its race, and only its Hispanic origin is placed, by USSC's own recorded Hispanic share of that race that year (the district's where 30 or more people of the race have it recorded, else the nation's): the lighter part.

USSC recorded a race and no Hispanic origin for 1,115 people in FY2025: each keeps that race, and CrimeDB placed only their Hispanic origin, the lighter part.

U.S. Sentencing Commission

Every year, 2002 to 2025. – means the source's codes that year hold no such group.

2003 on: PROTECT Act, April 30, 2003: appeals courts review departures from the guidelines anew, and the Commission must cut downward departures.

2005 on: United States v. Booker, January 12, 2005: the guidelines become advisory, so FY2005 holds sentences from before and after.

2008 on: Gall and Kimbrough, December 10, 2007: judges may sentence outside the range with less reason given, including over the crack to powder ratio.

2010 on: Fair Sentencing Act, August 3, 2010: crack cocaine thresholds rise and the crack to powder ratio falls from 100 to 1 to about 18 to 1.

2019 on: First Step Act, December 21, 2018: a wider safety valve, no more stacked gun counts, and the crack changes made retroactive.

2024 on: Guideline amendments of November 1, 2023: fewer criminal history points for offenses committed under supervision, and a lower range for people with none.

U.S. Sentencing Commission

Every year, 2003 to 2025. – means the source's codes that year hold no such group.

2005 on: United States v. Booker, January 12, 2005: the guidelines become advisory, so FY2005 holds sentences from before and after.

2005 on: From Booker (January 12, 2005) USSC places sentences by BOOKERCD, with variances outside the range beside departures; FY2005 holds both.

2008 on: Gall and Kimbrough, December 10, 2007: judges may sentence outside the range with less reason given, including over the crack to powder ratio.

2010 on: Fair Sentencing Act, August 3, 2010: crack cocaine thresholds rise and the crack to powder ratio falls from 100 to 1 to about 18 to 1.

2018 on: From FY2018 USSC places sentences by SENTRNGE, eight groups that split departures from variances, collapsed into the same four.

2019 on: First Step Act, December 21, 2018: a wider safety valve, no more stacked gun counts, and the crack changes made retroactive.

2024 on: Guideline amendments of November 1, 2023: fewer criminal history points for offenses committed under supervision, and a lower range for people with none.

U.S. Sentencing Commission